Common Masonry Language Explained for Homeowners
Plain-English definitions of common masonry language homeowners encounter during brick, mortar, and chimney repairs.
Masonry repair often comes with specialized terminology that can feel confusing or intimidating—especially when dealing with older or historic brick buildings. Below are common masonry terms we’re frequently asked about, explained in plain English and in the context of real repair decisions homeowners face.
Mortar & Joint Terms
Tuckpointing
Tuckpointing is the process of removing deteriorated mortar from between bricks and replacing it with new mortar. Proper tuckpointing restores structural integrity, helps manage moisture, and extends the life of the brickwork. On historic buildings, the type of mortar used is especially important.
Repointing
Repointing is often used interchangeably with tuckpointing, but technically refers to replacing mortar without the decorative contrast traditionally associated with tuckpointing. In practical use, most residential masonry repairs described as tuckpointing are also repointing.
Lime Mortar
Lime mortar is a traditional mortar commonly used in older brick buildings. It is softer and more breathable than modern cement mortars, allowing moisture to move through the wall naturally. Using lime-based or historically compatible mortar helps protect historic brick from cracking or spalling.
Portland Cement Mortar
Portland cement mortar is a modern, hard mortar commonly used in new construction. When used on historic brick, it can trap moisture and cause brick damage over time. This is why it is often inappropriate for older masonry structures.
Type N Mortar
Type N mortar is a general-purpose, Portland cement–based mortar commonly used in residential brick construction. It provides a balance of strength and workability and is frequently used on exterior walls, chimneys, and above-grade masonry.
Type N is one of the most commonly encountered mortar types in residential masonry.
Type S Mortar
Type S mortar is a high-strength, Portland cement–based mortar designed for structural and load-bearing applications. It is commonly used for foundations, retaining walls, and areas exposed to higher stress or moisture.
Because of its strength, Type S is typically reserved for applications where durability and load capacity are required.
Type O Mortar
Type O mortar is a lower-strength mortar with a higher lime content. It is more flexible and workable than Type N or Type S and is commonly used for interior masonry, low-load applications, and certain types of repair work.
Its lower compressive strength allows it to accommodate minor movement without cracking.
Refractory Mortar
Refractory mortar is a specialty mortar formulated to withstand high temperatures. It is used in fireboxes, fireplaces, and other heat-exposed areas.
Refractory mortar is not intended for standard brickwork or tuckpointing and is selected based on thermal performance rather than structural strength.
Joint Profile
The joint profile refers to the shape and finish of the mortar between bricks, such as concave, flush, or weathered joints. Matching the original joint profile is important for both appearance and proper water shedding—especially on historic buildings.
Brick Damage & Deterioration
Spalling Brick
Spalling occurs when the face of a brick flakes, chips, or breaks away. This is often caused by trapped moisture, freeze-thaw cycles, or the use of overly hard mortar. Spalling is common on older buildings that have received improper repairs in the past.
Efflorescence
Efflorescence appears as a white, powdery residue on brick surfaces. It is caused by salts being carried to the surface by moisture. While often cosmetic, it can indicate underlying moisture movement that should be evaluated.
Brick Delamination
Brick delamination happens when layers of a brick begin to separate. This typically indicates prolonged moisture exposure and deterioration and may require selective brick replacement.
Mortar Deterioration
Mortar deterioration occurs when mortar becomes soft, crumbly, or missing. While failing mortar can allow moisture intrusion, it is often preferable to brick failure—since mortar is meant to be the sacrificial material in a masonry wall.
Repair & Construction Terms
Selective Demolition
Selective demolition means removing only the masonry materials that have failed, rather than tearing out entire sections unnecessarily. This approach preserves as much original brick and material as possible and is especially important for historic structures.
Brick Stabilization
Brick stabilization involves reinforcing or rebuilding failing masonry sections to prevent movement or collapse. This may include partial rebuilds, bracing, or replacement of severely deteriorated brick while maintaining the surrounding original structure.
Chimney Repair vs. Chimney Rebuild
A chimney repair addresses localized issues such as failing mortar, loose brick, or flashing problems. A chimney rebuild involves dismantling and reconstructing part or all of the chimney when deterioration is too advanced for repair alone.
Parging
Parging is a thin coat of mortar applied to masonry surfaces—most commonly concrete block or masonry foundations—to create a smoother, more uniform finish. Depending on the materials used and how it is applied, parging can serve a cosmetic purpose, a protective surface layer, or part of a waterproofing system.
Standard parging alone is not structural and may not fully waterproof a wall. However, when combined with waterproofing additives, bonding agents, or applied as part of a dedicated foundation coating system, parging can help reduce moisture penetration and protect underlying masonry from weathering.
Flashing
Flashing is a thin material—often metal—installed where masonry meets roofs, walls, or other surfaces to direct water away. Proper flashing is critical to preventing moisture intrusion and masonry deterioration.
Historic Masonry Concepts
Historic Brick
Historic brick is typically softer and more porous than modern brick. It was designed to work as part of a breathable masonry system. Preserving historic brick requires compatible materials and repair methods.
Breathable Masonry System
A breathable masonry system allows moisture to enter and exit the wall naturally. Historic buildings rely on this movement to stay dry. Modern, impermeable materials can disrupt this balance and cause damage.
Preservation-Focused Repair
Preservation-focused repair prioritizes stabilizing and protecting the structure while retaining original materials, appearance, and craftsmanship. The goal is longevity and integrity—not over-restoration.
Understanding masonry terminology helps homeowners make informed decisions—especially when caring for older or historic brick buildings. When in doubt, asking questions and seeking clear explanations is always the right place to start.